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While nicotine may trigger faster bowel movements in the short term, long-term use can contribute to digestive issues like acid reflux, heartburn, stomach ulcers, IBS symptoms, constipation, or diarrhea

Chem Res Toxicol 15:677685 Prokopczyk B, Trushin N, Leszczynska J, Waggoner SE, El Bayoumy K (2001) Human cervical tissue metabolizes the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4- (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, via alpha-hydroxylation and carbonyl reduction pathways

Limitations include the application of ever use in operationalizing the e-cigarette exposure, precluding investigation of doseresponse associations between level of e-cigarette use and odds of becoming an ever smoker, and the omissions of some covariates that may provide a more comprehensive adjustment for endogenous liability to smoking (e.g., sensation seeking, depression)

Limitations While this study is the first longitudinal assessment of cigarette tax policy impacts in Vietnam using the ITC projects standardized design, several limitations should be noted