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In summary, PSC patients demonstrate distinct changes in gut fungal composition, particularly increases in Candida species and Trichocladium griseum , along with a decrease in Saccharomyces , suggesting that fungal dysbiosis may be associated with PSC pathogenesis

180 A study that used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to mimic PD-like neural injury found that neuroinflammation is aggravated in the midbrain of type 2 diabetes mice, who are more susceptible to the neurotoxicity induced by MPTP

Overall, these results demonstrate that GLP-1 RAs may exert their therapeutic effects through multiple mechanisms in MASH treatment

3.1.2 Hepatic First-Pass Metabolism Even if a small amount of GSH enters the bloodstream, it will be quickly taken up and metabolized by the liver