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(3) Participant characteristics included sample size, age and sex

Source: Barrett, et al JAMA Surgery, September 17, 2025 Researchers correlated insurance claims data and electronic medical records in a system that owns both an insurance plan (Highmark) and a provider system (Allegheny Health), and compared total medical expense for over 30,000 individuals who had either metabolic and bariatric surgery (sleeve gastrectomy) or were treated with GLP-1 medications between 2018 and 2023

Ocular hypertension triggers the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells, which in turn drives the transformation of neuroprotective astrocytes into a neurotoxic A1-reactive phenotype, ultimately leading to RGC degeneration [45]

These findings support the idea that HMB helps to reduce exercise induced muscle damage in horses