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Stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) after exposure to nicotine using minipumps for 2 weeks at dose of 0.125 mg/kg (s.c.) or microinjection of nicotine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) caused changes in dopamine neurotransmission in male SpragueDawley rats and male Wistar rats, respectively (Tizabi et al., 2002)

There has been a reduction in the number of smokers, but more than one in five adults still engage in a habit that is essentially indefensible

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Lack of Pharmacological Treatment Unlike opioid or alcohol use disorder, no FDA-approved medications exist for cocaine addiction: Treatment relies entirely on behavioral interventions No medication to reliably reduce cravings or block effects Emerging treatments (immunotherapy, dopamine agonists) remain in research phases 4